The Provincial Historical Archive of Badajoz was created by ministerial order of the former Ministry of National Education on 11 March 1944 with the aim of collecting the centenary protocols of the notaries and other funds that are only of "provincial scope". Since its creation, it has been linked to the "Dirección General de Archivos y Bibliotecas" of the Ministry of National Education, which later became the Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport.

The journey of the "Archive" has been long and full of vicissitudes. At first, the archives went to a room in the Provincial Court of Badajoz, but the building belonged to the Badajoz Town Hall and the situation was still very precarious, so in 1945 the Provincial Council of Badajoz provided premises in its own headquarters, in Calle Felipe Checa, to archive the notarial archives, which were quite abundant in the district of Badajoz and very scarce in Olivenza.

These premises were also inadequate for the needs and in 1959, due to some extension work on these provincial services, the Archive was moved to a pair of rooms in the "Instituto Provincial de Segunda Enseñanza", which also housed the public library. This did not solve the problem either.

In a plenary session of the Provincial Council of Badajoz, an agreement was reached to cede a warehouse in a building that was part of the Provincial Hospital, where the documentary collections were moved in February 1967 and where they remained until December 1979. In January 1980, the "Archivo" moved to a new building on Avenida de Europa, which was built as the Casa de Cultura, and has remained its headquarters until the present day. Although the organisation of the archives is the responsibility of the Autonomous Community of Extremadura, the State retains ownership of the building and the ownership of the archives.