Cusco's Plaza Mayor has been the city's main public space since before the arrival of the Spaniards in 1534. Geological studies indicate that the square was originally a swamp, crossed by the Saphy River, which the Incas drained to make it the administrative, religious and cultural epicenter of their empire. Important ceremonies and military celebrations were held here. After the Spanish conquest, the plaza was transformed, with the construction of Catholic temples and mansions over the Inca ruins. In 1781, in this place, Tupac Amaru II was executed, along with other pro-independence leaders.

Today, the Plaza Mayor is the core of modern Cusco, surrounded by restaurants, jewelry stores, travel agencies, and colonial churches that stand out as historical monuments, such as the Cathedral of Cusco and the Church of the Society of Jesus. Since 1972, this square is part of the Monumental Zone of Cusco, and in 1983 it was recognized by UNESCO as a World Cultural Heritage Site.

There is a controversy about the original name of the square during the Inca period. Some authors, such as Maria Rostworowski, propose the name "Aucaypata", which means "place of the warrior", while others, such as Angles Vargas, suggest "Huacaypata", which translates as "place of weeping". According to the author, the plaza was divided into two sectors: Huacaypata and Cusipata (place of rejoicing), separated by the Saphy River, reflecting a dual symbolism in Inca ceremonies.

Historically, the plaza was surrounded by Inca palaces, and was the central place for festivities, fairs and military victories. After the arrival of the Spaniards, new constructions were built over these palaces, transforming the plaza into an emblematic space that combines Inca and colonial elements.

Today, Cusco's Plaza de Armas continues to be a center of cultural and tourist activity, maintaining its relevance as a space of celebration for various traditional festivities and modern events. Over the years, the square has retained both its historical and cultural importance, being a place where past and present converge in the city of Cusco.