The earliest documented references to this palace complex date back to 1425, when Ruy Fernández, Lord of Fuentecubierta, purchased a group of medieval houses—which today comprise the Recibo, Archivo, and Naranjos courtyards, the original core of the palace—for 750 gold doubloons. In 1492, Gómez Suárez de Figueroa, chief magistrate of Antequera and member of the Council of Twenty-Four of Córdoba, established a primogeniture, making him the first owner of the complex, known since then as the Palace of Don Gome. In 1500, he added to the properties inherited from his father by purchasing the houses that make up the current Plaza de Don Gome.

After the death of Gómez Suárez de Figueroa without issue, the palace passed to his nephew Bernardino de Figueroa y Córdoba. His son, Gómez de Figueroa y Córdoba, the first Lord of Villaseca, expanded the property in 1545 with the acquisition of the houses on the Puentezuela de Tres Caños, today known as the Patio de los Gatos, although he lost them in 1561 following a legal dispute with his daughter. The second Lord of Villaseca, Luis Gómez de Figueroa y Córdoba, carried out the first major Renaissance transformation, which included the Patio de Recibo, the main façade—probably attributed to the Cordoban artist Juan de Ochoa—and the stables, coinciding with his marriage in 1571 to María de Guzmán de Argote, a member of a prominent Cordoban family. In 1624, the third Lord of Villaseca, Gómez de Figueroa y Córdoba, commissioned the construction of the famous Rejas de don Gome, an imposing façade in the Patio de las Rejas designed to connect the residence with the outside world and to reflect the family’s new social status. Later, in 1647, the fourth Lord of Villaseca, Luis Gómez Bernardo Fernández de Córdoba y Figueroa, restored the houses on the Puentezuela de Tres Caños, now known as the Patio de los Gatos.

During the 18th century, the most significant renovations were undertaken under the leadership of Ana Rafaela Fernández de Mesa de Argote, the sixth Marquise of Villaseca, who oversaw the creation of the facilities for the Viana Historical Archive, the remodeling of the Patio de la Madama, and the construction of the Patio del Archivo around 1737. Finally, in 1814, the seventh Marquis of Villaseca, Diego Rafael Cabrera y Fernández de Mesa, doubled the size of the palace by incorporating the adjacent houses of the Counts of Torres Cabrera, acquired through an exchange for a farmhouse, which allowed for the addition of the current patios of La Cancela, La Alberca, El Pozo, Los Jardineros, La Capilla, and the expansive garden.